The outline lines are employed in the architectural drawings to define the outline as well as the characteristic features of the plan components of the architecture. This method of presentation varies ...

Reinforced concrete footing are designed based on column loads and moments at base and the soil data. This article shed light on the design of reinforced concrete footing. Following are the types of ...

The New Austrian Tunneling Method (NATM), also known as the sequential excavation method, gained recognition during the tunneling operations in the Austrian Alps. The technique proved to be very ...

A traverse is said to be open traverse when the traverse starts at one point and terminates at another point as shown in the figure. Open traverse is also called as unclosed traverse. It is suitable ...

Uplift pressure, which is also known as hydrostatic uplift, is an upward pressure applied to a structure that has the potential to raise it relative to its surroundings. It is the condition of greater ...