For some applications single element antennas are unable to meet the gain or radiation pattern requirements. Combining several single antenna elements in an array can be a possible solution. This ...

In Part 1, we introduced the phased array concept, beam steering and array gain. In Part 2, we presented the concept of grating lobes and beam squint. In this section, we begin with a discussion of ...

A controlled radiated pattern antenna can be an effective way to protect GPS receivers against jamming. A new CRPA, composed of seven elements, works on the E5a, E5b, E6, L2, and L1 bandwidths. This ...

To deliver the next generation of satellite applications, spacecraft are increasingly using phased arrays to combine multiple individual antenna elements to improve overall performance, increase gain, ...