Red mud consists of up to 60% iron oxide. Melting the mud in an electric arc furnace using a plasma containing 10% hydrogen reduces it to liquid iron and liquid oxides, allowing the iron to be easily ...

Red mud is a toxic by-product of aluminium manufacture, and millions of tonnes of it are produced each year. The majority ends up in landfills, pumped into vast lakes or stored in dried mounds, posing ...

The production of aluminium generates around 180 million tonnes of toxic red mud every year. Scientists at the Max-Planck-Institut für Eisenforschung, a centre for iron research, have now shown how ...

Aluminum is vital for making lightweight cars, beverage cans, and kitchen utensils. But its production creates a by-product called red mud, a caustic slurry containing iron and other metals. The large ...