As any integrated circuit (IC) designer knows, design rules are the “first line of defense” foundries provide in the effort to ensure all IC designs are ultimately manufacturable. Coming in a close ...

Copper interconnect was introduced to the mainstream at 130nm because of its significant advantages compared to aluminum, such as reduction in resistivity and power consumption and resistance to ...

The problem of variations induced by the chemical-mechanical polishing (CMP) step has been discussed for years in process engineering circles. Briefly, after each layer on the wafer is completed, the ...

Machine learning (ML), neural networks (NNs), and deep learning have many applications in different areas of modern industry and life. Their ability to “learn” how to analyze and predict imprecise ...